The differences are due to the way the threads/yarns interact to make the cloth. Knits are (usually) made of a single yarn which has loops that interlock with each other. Weaves have a system of warp yarns which have weft yarn passing over and under single and or multiple warp threads.
Woven cloth will be more dimensionally stable because the warp and weft are usually quite stretched during fabrication. Knits will be more supple and stretchy in all directions. Weaves can have different yarns/threads in the warp and weft and even different yarns in the warp and different yarns/threads in the weft allowing for a much more complex structure. Knits have the same yarn throughout (usually).
If a single jersey (plain) knit thread breaks the fabric will have a "run" which will be a hole all the length of the piece. A woven cloth with a single yarn break will have only a single break, adjacent yarns may be able to take up the stress and not cause the rip to spread.
There are myriad other differences depending on which type of weave and which type of knit you are comparing.
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